9.6: Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints Muscles, bones, and joints are some of the most interesting applications of statics.The ratio of output to input force magnitudes is called its mechanical advantage. To determine the classification, apply equation 3.3 or equation 3.4. First, draw the free-body diagram of each beam. Machines can reduce the input force that is needed to perform the job. Classify the beams shown in Figure 3.1 through Figure 3.5 as stable, determinate, or indeterminate, and state the degree of indeterminacy where necessary. Energy is still conserved for these devices because a machine cannot do more work than the energy put into it. Levers, gears, pulleys, wedges, and screws are some examples of machines. 9.5: Simple Machines Simple machines are devices that can be used to multiply or augment a force that we apply – often at the expense of a distance through which we apply the force.Since statics is a special case of Newton’s laws, both the general problem-solving strategies and the special strategies for Newton’s laws, discussed in Problem-Solving Strategies, still apply. We begin with a discussion of problem-solving strategies specifically used for statics. 9.4: Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies Statics can be applied to a variety of situations, ranging from raising a drawbridge to bad posture and back strain. A neutral equilibrium is if its equilibrium is independent of displacements from its original position. A system is in unstable equilibrium if, when displaced, it experiences a net force or torque in the same direction as the displacement from equilibrium. A system is in stable equilibrium if, when displaced from equilibrium, it experiences a net force or torque in a direction opposite to the direction of the displacement. 9.3: Stability There are three types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral.To understand what factors affect rotation, let us think about what happens when you open an ordinary door by rotating it on its hinges. A rotating body or system can be in equilibrium if its rate of rotation is constant and remains unchanged by the forces acting on it. 9.2: The Second Condition for Equilibrium The second condition necessary to achieve equilibrium involves avoiding accelerated rotation (maintaining a constant angular velocity.9.1: The First Condition for Equilibrium The first condition necessary to achieve equilibrium is the one already mentioned: the net external force on the system must be zero.We have already considered a few such situations in this chapter, we cover the topic more thoroughly, including consideration of such possible effects as the rotation and deformation of an object by the forces acting on it. 9.0: Prelude to Statics and Torque Statics is the study of forces in equilibrium, a large group of situations that makes up a special case of Newton’s second law.
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